The activities of fan translators and distributors can be explained with the conceptual tools drawn from the existing literature (e.g. working consumers, consumers put to work, consumers co-creating with producers and consumers as a source of innovation). Yet, this paper

The separation between fandom as a subcultural social practice and the mainstreaming of fan culture wherein “fannish values and reading practices spread across the entire viewing public” in ways supported by media corporations is noteworthy (Jenkins 2006). In the mainstreaming