The activities of fan translators and distributors can be explained with the conceptual tools drawn from the existing literature (e.g. working consumers, consumers put to work, consumers co-creating with producers and consumers as a source of innovation). Yet, this paper

Fan groups that translate anime and manga have had a strong influence on the evolution of commercial translation strategies for the medium, and anime clubs and conventions often develop symbiotic ties with industry retailers. As inferred by the terms “group”